home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- *****************************************************
- * Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase subdomain signatures *
- *****************************************************
-
- Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (CPSase) catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of
- carbamyl-phosphate from glutamine (EC 6.3.5.5) or ammonia (EC 6.3.4.16) and
- bicarbonate [1]. This important enzyme initiates both the urea cycle and the
- biosynthesis of arginine and pyrmidines.
-
- Glutamine-dependent CPSase (CPSase II) is involved in the biosynthesis of
- pyrimidines and purines. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, a single enzyme
- is involved in both biosynthetic pathways while other bacteria have separate
- enzymes. The bacterial enzymes are formed of two subunits. A small chain (gene
- carA) that provides glutamine amidotransferase activity (GATase) necessary for
- removal of the ammonia group from glutamine, and a large chain (gene carB)
- that provides CPSase activity. Such a structure is also present in fungi for
- arginine biosynthesis (genes CPA1 and CPA2). In most eukaryotes, the first
- three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis are catalyzed by a large
- multifunctional enzyme - called URA2 in yeast, rudimentary in Drosophila and
- CAD in mammals [2]. The CPSase domain is located between an N-terminal GATase
- domain and the C-terminal part which encompass the dihydroorotase and
- aspartate transcarbamylase activities.
-
- Ammonia-dependent CPSase (CPSase I) is involved in the urea cycle in ureolytic
- vertebrates; it is a monofunctional protein located in the mitochondrial
- matrix.
-
- The CPSase domain is typically 120 Kd in size and has arisen from the
- duplication of an ancestral subdomain of about 500 amino acids. Each subdomain
- independently binds to ATP and it is suggested that the two homologous halves
- act separately, one to catalyze the phosphorylation of bicarbonate to carboxy
- phosphate and the other that of carbamate to carbamyl phosphate.
-
- The CPSase subdomain is also present in a single copy in the biotin-dependent
- enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) (ACC), Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
- (EC 6.4.1.3) (PCCase), pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) (PC) and urea
- carboxylase (EC 6.3.4.6).
-
- As signatures for the subdomain, we selected two conserved regions which are
- probably important for binding ATP and/or catalytic activity.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [FY]-P-[LIVMC]-[LIVM](2)-[KR]-[PSA]-[STA]-x(3)-[SG]-G-x-
- [AG]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVMF]-[LIN]-E-[LIVMCA]-N-[PATLIVM]-[KR]-[LIVMSTAC]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 10.
-
- -Last update: October 1993 / First entry.
-
- [ 1] Simmer J.P., Kelly R.E., Rinker A.G. Jr., Scully J.L., Evans D.R.
- J. Biol. Chem. 265:10395-10402(1990).
- [ 2] Davidson J.N., Chen K.C., Jamison R.S., Musmanno L.A., Kern C.B.
- BioEssays 15:157-164(1993).
-